In a large bowl, whisk together the flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, and salt.
In a separate bowl, whisk the buttermilk, egg, melted butter, and vanilla extract until combined.
Pour the wet ingredients into the dry ingredients and stir gently until just combined; do not overmix.
If using frozen blueberries, do not thaw them. Toss them in a little flour to prevent them from sinking.
Heat a nonstick skillet or griddle over medium-low heat and lightly grease with butter or cooking spray.
Pour ¼ cup of batter onto the skillet for each pancake, then sprinkle a few blueberries on top.
Cook for 2-3 minutes until bubbles form on the surface and the edges look set.
Flip the pancakes and cook for another 1-2 minutes until golden brown.
Transfer cooked pancakes to a plate and repeat with the remaining batter.
Serve warm with butter, maple syrup, or extra blueberries on top.